| Titre : | The Effects of Western Media on the Image of the Middle East After 9/11 |
| Auteurs : | Si Youcef Mohamed Ali, Auteur ; Dr. Bouguesmia Fatiha, Directeur de thèse |
| Type de document : | texte imprimé |
| Editeur : | Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of English Language and Literature, 2023-2024 |
| Format : | 72p / CD |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Catégories : | |
| Mots-clés: | Cultural Identity, Islamophobia, Media Evolution, Orientalism, Stereotyping, Middle East image, Western Media, 9/11. |
| Résumé : | The purpose of this research is to examine the transformation of Western media’s portrayal of the Middle East following the events of September 11,2001. The study provides a historical context on the role of media, its influence on American society's views of Middle Eastern cultures and identities prior to 9/11. It then chronicles the events of 9/11, the timeline, and its political, economic, and social aftermath. The main aim of this research is to understand the significant shift in Western media’s depiction of the Middle East post-9/11, and how it altered and distorted the image of the Middle East through increased stereotyping, Islamophobia, and the persistence of Orientalist perspectives. The primary findings indicate that sensationalized media narratives in the wake of 9/11 served to reinforce negative stereotypes, proliferate irrational fears, and "otherize" the Middle Eastern world, perpetuating an "us vs. them" mentality detrimental to cultural understanding. |
| Note de contenu : |
Table of Contents
Declaration of Originality…………………………………………………………………………………………II Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………III Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………………………………….IV Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………V Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………….VI General Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………11 CHAPTER ONE : Western Media View of Middle Eastern Prior to September 11th 1.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Definition of Media.......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3. Types of Media ................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.1. Print Media .................................................................................................................................15 1.3.2. Broadcast Media .........................................................................................................................16 1.3.2.1. Television ........................................................................................................................16 1.3.2.2. Radio ...............................................................................................................................17 1.3.2.3. Internet Media .................................................................................................................17 1.3.3. Social Media .............................................................................................................................17 1.4. Historical Evolution of Media: ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.4.1. Early Forms of Communication: ...............................................................................................18 1.4.2. The Printing Press Revolution:..................................................................................................19 1.4.3. Rise of Radio and Television: ...................................................................................................19 1.5. The Role of Media:............................................................................................................................20 1.6. Challenges Facing the Media: ...........................................................................................................21 1.6.1. Fake News and Misinformation: ...............................................................................................21 VII 1.6.1.1. Social Media Misinformation and Politics:....................................................................22 1.6.2. Decline of Traditional Media: ...................................................................................................22 1.6.2.1. From Print To Digital: ....................................................................................................23 1.6.3. Media and Social Issues: ..........................................................................................................23 1.7. Media and Identity:............................................................................................................................24 1.8. Middle Eastern Culture and Identity: ................................................................................................26 1.8.1. Religion: ....................................................................................................................................26 1.8.2. Language: ..................................................................................................................................27 1.8.3. Art and Literature: .....................................................................................................................27 1.9. The American Media Before September 11th:..................................................................................28 1.10. Arab and Muslim People in America pre-9/11:...............................................................................28 1.11. Middle Eastern Contributions to Pre-9/11 American Development: ..............................................29 1.11.1. Cultural Contributions:..........................................................................................................29 1.11.2. Economic Contributions:.......................................................................................................30 1.11.3. Social and Political Contributions:........................................................................................30 Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................31 CHAPTER TWO : Description of 09/11 Events 2.1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................33 2.2. The morning of September 11th:.......................................................................................................33 2.2.1. The hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11: .........................................................................34 2.2.2. The hijacking of United Airlines Flight 175: ............................................................................34 2.2.3. The Crash of American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower: ............................................35 2.2.4. The Crash of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower:...............................................36 2.3. The Pentagon Attack: ........................................................................................................................36 2.3.1. The Hijacking of American Airlines Flight 77:.........................................................................37 2.3.2. The Crash of American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon:..................................................38 VII I 2.4. The Crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania : ................................................................38 2.5. The Collapse of the Twin Towers: ....................................................................................................39 2.5.1. The Structural Damage Caused by the Plane Crashes:..............................................................40 2.5.2. The Fires and Weakening of the Buildings : .............................................................................40 2.5.3. The Collapse of the North Tower:.............................................................................................41 2.5.4. The Collapse of the South Tower :............................................................................................42 2.6. Immediate Aftermath and Response: ................................................................................................42 2.6.1. National and International Reactions: .......................................................................................43 2.7. Investigation and Identification of the Perpetrators: .........................................................................44 2.7.1. The Identification of the Hijackers:...........................................................................................44 2.7.2. The Establishment of the 9/11 Commission :............................................................................45 2.7.3. The Search for Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda : ....................................................................45 Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................46 CHAPTER THREE :9/11 Impact on the Middle East and Western Media Coverage 3.1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................48 3.2. Political Impact of September 11th on the Middle East……………………………………………………....48 3.2.1. Rise of Terrorism:......................................................................................................................49 3.2.2. Increased Military Presence: .....................................................................................................48 3.2.3. Destabilization of Governments:...............................................................................................50 3.3. Economic Impact of 9/11 Event on The Middle East: ......................................................................50 3.3.1. Impact on Middle Eastern Tourism:..........................................................................................50 3.3.2. Changes in Foreign Investment Patterns: ..................................................................................51 3.3.3. Disruption of Oil Markets: ........................................................................................................52 3.4. Social and Cultural Changes on the Middle East After 9/11:............................................................53 3.4.1. Islamophobia: ............................................................................................................................53 3.4.1.1. Impact on Muslim Communities:...................................................................................54 IX 3.4.1.2. Rise of Hate Crimes and Discrimination:.......................................................................55 3.4.2. Migration and Refugee Crisis:...................................................................................................55 3.4.3. Radicalization and Terrorism: ...................................................................................................56 3.5. Impact of September 11 on Western Media Coverage:.....................................................................57 3.6. Stereotypes and Misrepresentations: .................................................................................................58 3.6.1. Portrayal of Middle Easterners as Terrorists:............................................................................59 3.6.2. Lack of Cultural Understanding: ...............................................................................................59 3.7. Impact on public perception and attitudes towards the Middle East:................................................60 3.7.1. Creation of Fear and Hostility Towards The Region: ...............................................................61 3.7.2. Reinforcement of Existing Biases and Prejudices:....................................................................61 3.8. Orientalism in Western Media:.........................................................................................................62 Conclusion :..............................................................................................................................................63 GENERAL CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 64 General Conclusion................................................................................................................................................. 65 LIST OF REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................ 66 List of References………………………………………………………………………………………………….67 |
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