| Titre : | Covid-19 Pandemic and Ethnic Minorities in Britain |
| Type de document : | texte imprimé |
| Editeur : | Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of English Language and Literature, 2024-2025 |
| Format : | 102p / CD |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Catégories : | |
| Mots-clés: | Covid-19, Disparities, Ethnic minorities, Health, UK Policies. |
| Résumé : | Britain's COVID-19 crisis exposed significant health disparities, with ethnic minority populations bearing the consequences of the pandemic's consequences. This research investigates the factors that contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on ethnic minorities in the UK compared to the general population. Adopting a socioecological approach, the study examines how individual, social, and systemic determinants shaped the unequal COVID-19 outcomes. Key factors explored include the higher prevalence of underlying health conditions, socioeconomic disadvantages, barriers to healthcare access, and the impacts of systemic racism and discrimination. The findings show that the pandemic's toll on ethnic minority communities was exacerbated by a complex interplay of social, economic, and health inequities. Ethnic minorities faced elevated COVID-19 risks due to factors such as living in deprived areas, working in high- exposure occupations, and experiencing challenges accessing timely, culturally-appropriate healthcare. The research underscores the urgent need for targeted, equity-focused public health interventions to address these disparities. Recommendations include implementing culturally sensitive healthcare initiatives, strengthening social safety nets, and taking decisive action against systemic racism to improve health outcomes for ethnic minority populations in the post-COVID era. By illuminating the multifaceted drivers of the pandemic's unequal impact, this study aims to inform the development of more inclusive and equitable health policies that benefit Britain's diverse communities. |
| Note de contenu : |
Table of Contents
Declaration of originality…………………………………………………………Ⅰ Dedication…………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………Ⅰ Abstract…………………………………………………………………….….…Ⅰ List of Figures……………………………………………………………………. Ⅰ List of Abbreviations and Acronyms……………………………………………Ⅰ General Introduction………………………………………………………….......1 Chapter One: Introduction to The Covid-19 Pandemic and Ethnic Minorities in Britain 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………6 1.2 Examining the Landscape of the COVID-19 Pandemic………………................6 1.2.1 Elucidating the Emergence and Global Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2….7 1.2.1.1 Early Spread of SARS-COV-2 in Wuhan……………………….8 1.2.1.2 The Interprovincial Transmission of the Virus from Wuhan……9 1.2.1.3 The Global Expansion of COVID-19: Beyond China………….10 1.2.2 Impact on Public Health, Economies and Societies…………………....11 1.2.2.1 The Impact on Public Health…………………….………...…...11 1.3 Ethnic Minorities in Britain…………...………………………………….……...12 1.3.1 Current Ethnic Minorities in the UK……………………………….….13 1.3.2 Measuring Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups……………………………....15 1.4 Contribution and Challenges…………………………………...………….…….17 1.4.1 The Challenges……………………………………………….……....18 VI 1.5 Initial Cases and Government Response………………………...………………21 1.5.1 Pre-existing Health Inequalities Among Ethnic Minorities in Britain……22 1.6 Acknowledgement of the Unequal Impact of COVID-19 on Different Ethnicities…24 1.7 Impact On Public Healthcare System……………………….……………………….26 1.7.1 History of UK Healthcare System……………………………….........…28 1.7.2 Three Waves of Covid-19……………………………...…………...……29 1.7.2.1 First Waves (Feb2020, Sept2020) ……………...………29 1.7.2.2 Second Waves (Sept2020, Apr2021) ……………...……30 1.7.2.3 Third and Fourth Waves (May2021 to present) …...……31 1.8 Socioeconomic Repercussions….….………………………………………………....31 1.8.1 Public Services Strained…………………………………………….……33 1.9 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity……………………………………………………...34 1.9.1 Cultural Diversity………...…………………………………………….....34 1.10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...….36 Chapter Two: Disparities in Covid-19 impact 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….36 2.2 The Disproportionate Burden of COVID-19 Cases Among Ethnic Minorities…….….37 2.2.1 Economic Implication……………………………………………………39 2.2.2 Psychological Effects…………………………………………………….41 2.3 Increased Severity and Morality……………………………………………………….44 2.4 Disparities of Covid-19 in Britain……………………………………………………...45 2.4.1 Economic Racial Disparities…………………….….……………………46 VII 2.4.1.1Covid-19 Racism and Racial Discrimination in the Workplace……………………………………………………………………………….….48 2.5 Employments and Economic Challenges………………………………………………50 2.5.1 Housing Disparities……………………………………………………….51 2.5.2 Access to Welfare Services…………………………………………….….53 2.6 Cultural and Consideration…………………………………………………....………...54 2.6.1 Cultural Consumption and Socio-economic Status……………………....56 2.6.2 Demographic Factors: Gender, Household Interaction and Age………....58 2.6.3 Communication Barriers………………………………………………….60 2.6.3.1 Medical Student s Corner: Barriers to Communication During the Covid-19 Pandemic………………………………………………………………………….61 2.7 Trust in Healthcare System………………………………………………………………62 2.7.1 Health System Trust and Pandemic…………………………………….….64 2.7.2 Contracting the Coronavirus and Healthcare System Trust…………….….65 2.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….66 Chapter three: Government response and policies 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….67 3.2 Prior Pandemic Response Plans…………………………………………………….….…68 3.3 Awareness and Recognition of Disparities………………………………………….….…69 3.3.1 Initial Outbreak……………………………………………………….….…70 3.3.2 Infection Risk……...……………………………………………………......72 3.3.3 Severe Disease and Morality……………………………………………......74 3.4 Targeted Policies and Interactions………………………………………………………...75 VIII 3.4.1 Urgent Actions and Policies Needed to Address Covid-19 Among UK Ethnic Minorities…………………………………………………………………………………......78 3.5 Evaluation of Effectiveness…………………………………………………………….....81 3.5.1 Negative Effects and Budget Deficit, A Spike in National Debt…………….82 3.5.2 Positive Effects of Welfare Economics and Living Standard…………….….83 3.6 Potential Policies to Improve the Current………………………………………………….84 3.7 Community and initiatives…………………………………………………………………85 3.7.1 Community Resilience…………………………………………………….…87 3.8 Lessons Learned and Future Recommendation………….….………………………….….89 3.8.1 Vaccine Rollout in the Second Phase of the Pandemic……………………....89 3.8.2 Learning Lessons and the Covid-19 Enquiry………………………………...90 3.8.3 A Comprehension Global Response to Covid-19…………………………….93 3.8.4 Importance of Community Engagement……………………………………...94 3.9 Importance of Effective Policy Responses………………………………………………….97 3.9.1 Policy Recommendation…………………………………………………. ….99 3.9.2 Effect of Covid-19 and Policy Response on Mobility………………………101 3.10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….….105 General Conclusion…………………………………………………………….109 References……………………………………………………………………….113 |
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