| Titre : | ابعاد التموجات الابستيمولوجية على دينامية البناء و التفكبك المعرفي في حقل السياسة المقارنة |
| Auteurs : | بلخضر طيفور, Auteur |
| Type de document : | texte manuscrit |
| Editeur : | جامعة سعيدة -الدكتور مولاي الطاهر -كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية -قسم العلوم السياسية, 2012/2013 |
| Format : | 235ص |
| Accompagnement : | CD |
| Langues: | Arabe |
| Index. décimale : | BUC-MJ 000058 |
| Catégories : | |
| Mots-clés: | ابعاد: التموجات الابستيمولوجية : دينامية البناء : التفكبك المعرفي : حقل: السياسة المقارنة |
| Résumé : |
This study aims trying to tackle the evolution of the field of comparative politics by focusing on the role of methodological approaches, particular scientific and quantitative tendencies in Political Studies in this field, by linking between different were dominant in different stages time of evolution, these "models guiding" was natural outcomes of epistemological junctures occurred in the field as an interpretation's "Thomas Kuhn" of how rises and evolves of the knowledge, which disagree with the pattern before the twentieth century, which was considered to that development takes patternal accumulation and continuation, while the new interpretation put forward by this author believes that evolution Do not get only through cognitive revolutions successive and separate from each other, and the main reason this happens is the "crisis" that occur within the community of scientific research that had been agreed on the principles and scientific rules formalize that community, and this crisis is due by the inability of the "paradigms" prevailing in finding appropriate solutions to the problematics that occur on the field.
It was necessary to study and discuss interpretations philosophy of science on the development of knowledge, particularly scientific knowledge, in order to know the real site of the development witnessed by the field, during the period extends from the first comparative study of scientific experimental of political systems and conducted by the thinker Greek "Aristotle" and passing different periods and successive stages closely associated extent intellectual maturity of the human mind, in spite of the delayed benefit various social sciences, including political science from the methods used by various natural sciences, and it was not because of the uses in itself, but because of lack of understanding of social scientists and politists of the real dimensions under phenomenon of humanity as a whole, and political phenomenon in particular, in addition to the inability of these scientists to devise scientific methods from taking into account the privacy of political phenomenon, most of the methods has borrowed from the sciences, which achieved successes at the level of results and in terms of the credibility of the prediction. And even made some of the branches of science social, psychological and economic successes of certain thanks to the development of platforms for certain scientific take into account the specificity of each phenomenon, but the political science branches, including the field of comparative politics did not have a share in the conclusive results regarding political studies and political realities in world, which created a lasting debates between supporters of the trends of scientific and between the orientations of supporters of the tendencies of "Criterial values", and although the dominant of both the two paradigms on the field for certain periods, but were not absolute dominant, there is always political scientists who reject being misled by the rules of specific research under the domination of a research groups on the field, which make the field exposed to permanent revisions, whether at the level of the methods or the level of research topics and theoritical applications. There is no doubt that the Criterial values is the one who dominated the field throughout the previous phase of the behavioral model, and like the rest of Political Studies, which was folding under the political and ethical philosophy, but the behavioral subtraction, which began with in the twentieth century and dominated on the field after the Second World War created new directions in comparative studies, in particular methodological approaches of the scientific trends. In spite of the strong criticism it suffered this model in the seventies and eighties but it returned again with "rational choice" in the nineties, but this time it did not have the same strong influence left by the behavioral model, and the reason for that limited the pioneers of this trend of new scientific theories derived from the field of "micro-economic" and overgrowth in empirical applications of mathematical models, making them exposed to criticism in the early stages of the beginning as the book (the pathologies of rational choice) in 1994, and ending with the anti-movement to this trend ( perestroika of political science). follows from the foregoing, the paradigms resulting from the methodological trends represented in two paradigms, the first is the "Criterial values" in the form of qualitative studies, which required the field since its inception and throughout the stages of development, the second is the "empirical model" with its scientific and quantitative tendency, it is clear the model who finds a quasi-Scientific's revolution is the latter model, because the cognitive's shock caused by this scientific oriented and the size of the debate and the controversy that surrounded about it and still further, the behavioral model and the second scientific tendency are formed a differences articulated between the construction of knowledge prevailing before them, and the deconstruction role by these forms of methodological trends, and in parallel with that should not be overlooked reaction to the strong trend of these two tendencies, what post Behaviouralism and the perestroika of political science were played an important role in not giving the opportunity to these models in order to reach the final stages of a paradigm as a sense of "Thomas Kuhn", on the contrary, it made the field as a whole is going on in a crisis, and there is no complete circle in the field as he went to many of the authors. As if the models and anti-models have become intractable pattern in the field of comparative politics. This study was launched from the following problematic: - To which extent the epistemological undulations (manners and scientific methods in the political researchs) played a role in the process of building and dismantling to the structure of knowledge in the field of comparative politics according to the patterns of continuation, circumvolution and cognitive estrangement ? And how moved from the fields of theoretical and normative knowledge to the fields of scientific knowledge within the competing paradigms ? The study confirms the validity of the first hypothesis (the scientific revolution of knowledge as interpreted by "Thomas Kuhn" that played an important role in establishing the ground rules for methodological frameworks and theoretical approachs in the field of comparative politics and this is what leads to estrangement and to build a new knowledge), which is really What happened with the behavioral movement and with the second scientific revolution in the field in 1990, has developed research methods and changed many approachs has been development of the other, also expanded the agendas of research, but that it is with respect to a partial rupture the study proved that it is not true as a global truth, the matter here, the nature of the field knowledge belongs to the Social Sciences, a science experience has shown the impossibility of evolution according to the pattern of estrangement and separation total for the previous studies, because the accumulation of knowledge plays an important role in this field, by a centuries of studies and development. With regard to the second hypothesis notion that: (accumulation of knowledge, which settles for a period of time and that takes a line upward and ascending in the field of comparative politics is a result of the expansion of the research programs of quantitative and qualitative studies, and not as a result of undergoing the principle of the revolution and the estrangement of knowledge, this is what leads to the disassembly of knowledge and re-installed, where it owns a mechanism her new susceptibility interpretation and analysis of a new political phenomena), the study confirms this hypothesis in some point post Behaviouralism and in the rest of the stages that followed, as the field expands considerably to the point of fear in which scholars of comparative politics from disintegration and dispersion unit systematically and objectively, especially the latter due to the massive expansion the field, which is paid them to said about "the islands theory" in order to keep the field on its cohesion. However, this assumption is incorrect if dropped on the stage of Behaviouralism, there was no sudden spurt in evolution, and structural functional and communication approachs as well as to focus research on particular perspective, a perspective of "Developmentalism", features are predominant, which printed the field in this period, and even in terms of trying to apply scientific rigor was search for a "general theory" is the most important scientific trends in this period. The third hypothesis argument: (trends related the scientific tendencies has played an important role in the development of the field and earned the results of its research more credibility as a result to methodology rigorous; if this is true is there a possibility to cancel the orientations of the "Criterial values"? Or the Political Studies in this field require hiring both two the trends?), on the one hand that the orientations of scientific tendencies has played an important role in the development of the field, it is true the study proved that by highlighting the various quantitative and empirical methods and employ the theoretical models in each of the phase Behaviouralism and the second scientific tendency, which employed various theories of rational choice and mathematical quantitative, and other methods of scientific research. The assumption that these methods earned the researchs of the field a more credibility, it is incorrect, many of the results in terms of explanation or prediction was wrong, for example, linking democracy occurrence to the economic development. That is not true in all the countries which become democratic, this proves anything it shows the relativism in the political concepts, even if subjected to scientific methods in the study. The fourth hypothesis argument: (unlike political philosophy in political science, which is reviewing its role gradually, it has gained the field of politics comparative immunity against cracking and collapse grace to the conflict and competition that governs its paradigms, and has an ability to adapt to movements countermeasures and even with the epistemological revisions), the study has confirms this hypothesis, and evidence that the field is even up to this date (2013) is still of particular importance within the fields of political science, grace to the methodological topical pluralism advocated by the last anti-scientific movement. It is noteworthy that every movement counter to those scientific tendencies, as the post-Behaviouralism and the perestroika of political science, they advocated the need of not to neglect qualitative studies and not domination imposed by a specific search groups on the field, and nor for the exclusion the supporters of the scientific tendency. The most important result of the study is that the methodological tendencies is creates the paradigms in the field of comparative politics, and not the topical trends, in addition, Topics studied by scholars of comparative politics throughout the evolution of the field were not the subject of controversy and debate sharp, even though there were some differences was taking on Traditional Studies as studies still do not take into account the changes and growth of the dynamic factors, or its nature was western and narrow, but the real debates was about the shortcomings and the domination of the character of normative studies, in addition to being accused the theory Interests and it was descriptive and not a comparative studies, this last debate is the one who changed the form of the field dramatically. And the concept of "crisis" in the paradigms in the field of comparative politics did not occur at the level of topical researchs, but "crisis" occurred at the level of methods of researchs. Underwent the dynamic of construction and deconstruction of knowledge in the field to the two methods in terms of research, the first method is the way of deductive was predominant in European Studies. The second way to search is the way of inductive that characterized American Studies. The modern economics is the first Newtonian social science. Its successful colonization of political science implies that political science has also been Newtonized. Apart from the atomistic nature of methodological individualism, the rational choice school is also Newtonian in the sense that it aims at reducing the complex political world into a few simple laws; the Behaviouralism and rational choice are the two major scientific approaches in contemporary political science. They share the Newtonian belief in discoverable regularities, testable theories, quantitative data, and positivist methodologies. However, to a large extent such scientificity of political science is borrowed from other disciplines, mainly economics. Overall, this discipline has not yet found its Newton. Because the persistence in tracking the literatures of the field of comparative politics leads to the conclusion diversity, plurality, division, competition and conflict between the scholars of this field, especially with the feedback and controversy on the issues of methodology and specific research, and this was a way to balance and evolution within research groups, and all attempts to cancel this diversity and plurality was rejected, and the absence of flexibility in the understanding of developments both within these groups to finding solutions to problematics on political reality was failure. |
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