| Titre : | Comparative Analysis of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Protocols for Enhanced Road Safety |
| Auteurs : | AOUINANE Khadidja, Auteur ; OUESSAI Asmâa, Directeur de thèse |
| Type de document : | texte manuscrit |
| Editeur : | University of Saida - Dr Moulay Tahar. Faculty: Mathematics, Computer Science and Telecommunications Department: Mathematics, 2025/2026 |
| Format : | 73ص |
| Accompagnement : | CD |
| Note générale : |
Road traffic has become an important challenge in modern cities due to the
continuous increase in the number of vehicles and the growing complexity of transportation systems. Congestion, road accidents, unsafe driving behavior, close distances between vehicles, and driver fatigue are problems that affect both safety and traffic flow every day. These challenges highlight the need for smarter transportation solutions capable of improving road monitoring and helping drivers make safer decisions. In this work, we focused on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and Vehicle-to- Vehicle (V2V) communication technologies as part of Intelligent Transportation Systems. The main idea behind these technologies is to allow vehicles to communicate with each other in real time by exchanging important information about traffic conditions, vehicle movement, and possible dangers on the road. To study this concept, we carried out simulations based on Saida City using SUMO and NS-3. We analyzed and compared three routing protocols— AODV, OLSR, and DSDV—under different traffic densities. The evaluation was based on important performance metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, and jitter. From the obtained results, we found that AODV achieved the best overall performance compared to OLSR and DSDV. AODV showed better Packet Delivery Ratio and more stable communication, especially in dynamic vehicular environments with changing vehicle density. This demonstrates that reactive routing protocols are more suitable for highly mobile VANET scenarios where maintaining reliable communication is essential for traffic monitoring and safety applications. We also investigated the role of safety messages in improving road safety by evaluating Basic Safety Messages (BSM) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENM). The results showed that both messages play an important role in vehicular communication, but DENM proved to be more effective for safety-critical situations because it provides event-driven alerts about accidents, hazards, or dangerous road conditions. This allows vehicles and drivers to react quickly to unexpected events. On the other hand, BSM remains essential for continuous awareness by regularly sharing vehicle information such as speed, direction, and position. Overall, we demonstrated that connected vehicle technologies can significantly improve road safety and traffic efficiency. As future work, we can extend this study by evaluating additional routing protocols, larger traffic scenarios, and advanced communication technologies to further improve the reliability and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems and combination of efficient routing protocols such as AODV and intelligent safety messaging systems like DENM to reduce accidents, improve driver awareness, and support smarter transportation systems |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Index. décimale : | BUC-M 008521 |
| Catégories : |
MASTER en Télécommunications Spécialité : Networks and Telecommunications |
| Note de contenu : |
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................2 Dedication ........................................................................................................3 Table of contents .............................................................................................4 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................01 List of Tables ................................................................................................12 List of Figures ...............................................................................................13 Abstract ..........................................................................................................14 Résumé ...........................................................................................................14 ملخص ................................................................................................................01 General Introduction .................................................................................................. 16 hapter I: Overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems I.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 01 I.2 Definition of ITS .................................................................................................... 01 1.3 History of ITS .................................................................................................................... 20 I.3.a Early Origins (Pre-1980s) .................................................................................... 20 I.3.b Development Phases (1980s–1990s) ................................................................... 20 I.3.c Modern ITS (2000s–2010s) ................................................................................. 20 I.3.d Contemporary ITS (2010–Present) ...................................................................... 20 I.4 Types of Intelligent Transportation Systems .................................................................. 21 I.4.1 Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) .............................................. 21 I.4.2 Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) .............................................. 21 I.4.3 Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication ................................................... 21 I.4.4 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) ........................................................................ 21 I.4.5 Public Transport Optimization ............................................................................. 22 I.4.6 AI-Powered Traffic Prediction ............................................................................ 22 I.4.7 Autonomous Vehicle Integration ......................................................................... 22 I.5 Role of ITS in Enhancing Road Safety ...................................................................... 22 I.6 Challenges and Limitations of ITS ........................................................................... 22 5 I.7 Motivation for V2V Communication ......................................................................... 23 I.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter II: Connected Vehicles Technology and Road Safety II.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 26 II.2 VANET Definition ................................................................................................ 26 II.3 Communication Types in VANET ........................................................................ 26 II.4 VANET System Architecture ................................................................................ 27 On-Board Unit (OBU)...... ................................................................................. 27 Application Unit (AU) ....................................................................................... 27 Road Side Unit (RSU) ....................................................................................... 27 II.5 VANET Domains ................................................................................................. 27 In-Vehicle Domain ....................................................................................................... 27 Infrastructure Domain ................................................................................................... 28 II.6 Wireless Access Technologies ............................................................................. 28 WiMAX IEEE 802.16 .................................................................................................. 28 IEEE 802.11p ............................................................................................................... 28 II.7 VANET Applications ........................................................................................... 28 Safety Applications ................................................................................................................. 28 Cooperative Forward Collision Warning ..................................................................... 28 Pre-Crash Sensing/Warning ......................................................................................... 28 Hazardous Location V2V Notification ........................................................................ 29 Traffic Efficiency Applications .............................................................................................. 29 Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation ................................................................. 29 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory .......................................................................... 29 V2V Merging Assistance ............................................................................................. 29 Infotainment and Other Applications ................................................................................... 29 Internet Access in Vehicle ........................................................................................... 29 Point of Interest Notification ....................................................................................... 29 Remote Diagnostics ..................................................................................................... 29 II.8 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (V2I) ................................................. 29 II.8.1 Definition ........................................................................................................... 30 II.8.2 Working Principle of V2I ................................................................................... 30 6 II.8.3 Flow Diagram of V2I Communication .............................................................. 30 II.8.4 Technologies Behind V2I.............................................................................................. 30 DSRC ........................................................................................................................... 30 C-V2X .......................................................................................................................... 30 5G Networks and Edge Computing ............................................................................. 31 IoT and Big Data Integration ....................................................................................... 31 II.8.5 Benefits of V2I ................................................................................................... 31 II.9 Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication (V2P) ....................................................... 32 II.9.1 Definition ........................................................................................................... 32 II.9.2 Working Principle of V2P .................................................................................. 32 II.9.3 Flow Diagram ..................................................................................................... 33 II.9.4 The Role of Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Systems ................................................................ 33 a. Enhancing Safety with V2P Systems ................................................................................. 33 Real-Time Alerts .......................................................................................................... 33 Enhanced Visibility ...................................................................................................... 33 Behavior Prediction ..................................................................................................... 33 Seamless Integration with Autonomous Vehicles ....................................................... 33 b. Improving Traffic Efficiency ............................................................................................. 33 Optimized Traffic Management ................................................................................... 33 Intelligent Routing ....................................................................................................... 34 Faster Emergency Response ........................................................................................ 34 II.9.5 Benefits of V2P ............................................................................................................. 34 II.10 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V) .......................................................... 35 II.10.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 35 II.10.2 Brief History and Evolution of V2V ................................................................ 35 II.10.3 Working Principle of V2V ................................................................................ 36 II.10.4 Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 36 II.10.5 Comparison of DSRC and C-V2X Technologies ............................................ 37 II.10.6 Real-World Applications of V2V Technology ................................................ 37 II.10.7 The Internal Structure of the Communication System in Modern Vehicles .... 38 Antenna .................................................................................................................. 38 Communication Unit .............................................................................................. 38 Sensors ................................................................................................................... 38 Central Processor ................................................................................................... 39 Driver Interface (HMI) .......................................................................................... 39 Power System ......................................................................................................... 39 7 II.10.8 Simplified Diagram of the V2V System ............................................................. 39 II.10.8.1 Data Flow ............................................................................................................. 4 II.10.9 Benefits of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication ................................................ 40 Enhanced Safety ........................................................................................................... 40 Environmental Benefits ............................................................................................... 40 Improved Traffic Management .................................................................................... 40 Driver Assistance ......................................................................................................... 40 Fuel Efficiency ............................................................................................................. 40 Route and Direction Optimization ................................................................................ 40 Crash Prevention .......................................................................................................... 41 II.11 Comparison Between V2V, V2I and V2P .............................................................. 41 II.12 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 41 Chapter III: V2V Routing Protocols and Safety Messages III.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 44 III.2 Definition of Routing Protocol ............................................................................ 44 III.2.1 Topology-Based Routing Protocol .................................................................... 44 III.3 Comparison Between Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols ....................... 45 III.4 AODV Protocol ................................................................................................... 45 III.4.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 45 III.4.2 Working Principle of AODV ............................................................................ 45 III.4.3 AODV Advantages and Limitations ................................................................. 46 III.5 OLSR Protocol .................................................................................................... 46 III.5.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 46 III.5.2 Working Principle of OLSR ............................................................................. 47 III.5.3 OLSR Advantages and Limitations .................................................................. 47 III.6 DSDV Protocol .................................................................................................... 47 III.6.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 47 III.6.2 Working Principle of DSDV ............................................................................. 48 III.6.3 DSDV Advantages and Limitations .................................................................. 48 III.7 Safety Messages in VANET ............................................................................... 48 III.7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 48 III.7.2 Basic Safety Message (BSM) ........................................................................... 49 III.7.2.1 Definition ....................................................................................................... 49 III.7.2.2 Streucture of the implemented BSM............................................................... 49 8 III.7.2.3. BSM Transmission Mode ..............................................................................50 Broadcast Mode ................................................................................................ 50 Unicast Mode ................................................................................................... 50 III.7.3 Decentralized Environmental Notification Message (DENM) ......................... 50 III.7.3.1 Definition ........................................................................................................ 50 III.7.3.2 Purpose and Motivation .................................................................................. 51 III.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter IV: Simulation and Results IV.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 53 IV.2 Definition .............................................................................................................. 53 SUMO ..................................................................................................................... 53 TRACI..................................................................................................................... 53 NS-3 ........................................................................................................................ 53 Netanim ................................................................................................................... 53 IV.3 Simulation configuration parameters « Routing Protocol » ........................... 53 IV.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 54 Road (edges) ................................................................................................................ 56 Intersection (junctions) ................................................................................................ 56 IV.5 Part one :performance rvaluation of routing protocols IV.5.1 Simulation performances metrics ...................................................................... 58 FlowMonitor ................................................................................................................. 58 Packets Delivery Ratio (PDR) ..................................................................................... 58 Throughput .................................................................................................................... 58 Delay ............................................................................................................................. 58 Jitter............................................................................................................................... 58 IV.5.2 Results for 50 vehicles ....................................................................................... 58 IV.5.3 Results for 100 vehicles ..................................................................................... 59 IV.5.4 Performance Comparaison Graphs .................................................................... 59 IV.5.5 Observation and Interpretation .......................................................................... 60 High Vehicle Mobility and Continious Topology Changes ......................................... 60 High Traffic Load (UDP CBR Transmission) ............................................................. 60 Urban Environement and Signal Limitations ............................................................... 60 DSDV shows the best Troughput with 50 vehicles ...................................................... 60 OLSR has the lowest Delay with 50 vehicles ............................................................... 61 AODV acheives the best PDR with both 50 and 100 vehicles ..................................... 61 IV.5.6 Summarize ................................................................................................................. 61 IV.6 Part two : performance evaluation of safety messages .................................... 62 9 IV.6.1 Basic Safety Messages (BSM) ......................................................................... 62 IV.6.1.1 Performance Evaluation of BSM ................................................................... 62 Packets Delivery Ratio ..................................................................................... 62 End-to-End Delay............................................................................................. 63 Packet Loss Ratio ............................................................................................. 63 Throughput ....................................................................................................... 63 IV.6.1.2 Results and Interpretation............................................................................ 63 IV.6.2 Decentralized Environment Notification (DENM) ....................................... 64 IV.6.2.1 DENM Simulation parameters and results .................................................. 65 IV.6.3 Comparaision : BSM vs DENM in VANET Simulation ............................... 67 IV.6.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 67 Genaral Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 69 References ............................................................................................................................. 70 |
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