| Titre : | Comparative evaluation of the biological activated of Ephedra alata and Aquilaria malaccensis extracts and their mixture |
| Auteurs : | LACHI Yasmina, Auteur ; MESKINE Ahlem, Auteur ; SIDI IKHLEF Amel, Directeur de thèse |
| Type de document : | texte imprimé |
| Editeur : | Dr. Moulay Tahar Université Saida, Faculté des Sciences Naturelles et de la Vie, 2025/2026 |
| Format : | 111 p / 29 CM |
| Accompagnement : | CD |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Langues originales: | Anglais |
| Catégories : | |
| Mots-clés: | medicinal plant ; Ephedra alata ; Aquilaria malaccensis ; binary mixture ; Biological activity |
| Résumé : |
Medicinal plants are widely used for therapeutic purposes because they contain bioactive
secondary metabolites with important pharmacological properties, making them valuable sources of medicinal compounds. This study aimed to investigate the qualitative phytochemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of Ephedra alata, Aquilaria malaccensis, and their binary mixture. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, and coumarins in both extracts. Catechic tannins were detected in A. malaccensis, whereas gallic tannins were found in E. alata. Biological activity assessment revealed promising pharmacological properties for the studied extracts. A. malaccensis exhibited the highest total antioxidant capacity (112 mg AAE/g extract), while the mixture showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 93.09 ± 2.59 µg/mL), suggesting possible synergistic interactions between phytochemicals. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, A. malaccensis demonstrated the greatest efficacy, showing the lowest IC₅₀ value in the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay and the highest erythrocyte membrane protection percentage. Antibacterial evaluation also indicated that A. malaccensis generally exhibited stronger activity against the tested bacterial strains compared with E. alata and the mixture. Overall, the findings confirm the significant biological potential of both plants, with A. malaccensis showing the most promising pharmacological properties and the mixture exhibiting synergistic effects. |
| Note de contenu : |
Table of Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................I Résumé ...................................................................................................................................................II ملخص...................................................................................................................................................... III List of Abbreviations and symbol Figure List Table List Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Theoretical part Chapter Ⅰ: Medicinal plant 1. Medicinal plant................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. History ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 2. Types of medicinal plants................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Wild plants .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Cultivated plants............................................................................................................................ 6 3. Different parts used ......................................................................................................................... 6 4. Extraction Methods ......................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Maceration..................................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Tisane or infusion .......................................................................................................................... 7 4.3 Decoction....................................................................................................................................... 8 4.4 Soxhlet extraction.......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Secondary metabolites in medicinal plants ..................................................................................... 9 5.1 Alkaloids...................................................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Polyphenols................................................................................................................................. 10 5.2.1 Phenolic Acids...................................................................................................................... 11 5.2.2 Stilbenes ............................................................................................................................... 11 5.2.3 Coumarins ............................................................................................................................ 12 5.2.4 Lignans................................................................................................................................. 12 5.2.5 Quinones............................................................................................................................... 12 5.2.6 Tannins ................................................................................................................................. 13 5.2.7 Flavonoids............................................................................................................................ 14 Table of Contents 5.3 Terpenes....................................................................................................................................... 15 5.4 Saponins...................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapiter Ⅱ: Aquilaria malaccensis & Ephedra alata 1. Aquilaria malaccensis................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Taxonomic and botanic description ..................................................................................... 17 1.2 Geographical distribution and economic Value ................................................................... 19 1.3 Chemical Composition......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Aromatic group..................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Chromone ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.3.3 Sesquiterpenoids................................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Agarwood utilization ........................................................................................................... 25 1.4.1 Anti-inflammatory ................................................................................................................ 26 1.4.2 Antimicrobial........................................................................................................................ 26 1.4.3 Anti-tumor ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.4.4 Other pharmacological effects.............................................................................................. 27 2. Ephedra alata................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1 Taxonomy and botanical description........................................................................................... 28 2.2 Geographical distribution ............................................................................................................ 30 2.3 Chemical composition................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Lipids and Polysaccharides .................................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Alkaloids .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.3 Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds.................................................................................. 32 2.4 Biological Activities.................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Antioxidant Activity ............................................................................................................. 33 2.4.2 Antimicrobial Activity.......................................................................................................... 33 2.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity.................................................................................................. 34 2.4.4 Cytotoxic and Anti-Tumor Activities................................................................................... 34 2.4.5 Other Activities..................................................................................................................... 35 Experimental part Chapiter Ⅲ: Materials and Methods 1. Objective of study ............................................................................................................................. 38 2. Plant materiel and Extract Preparation.............................................................................................. 38 3. Phytochemical screening................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Preparation of ethanolic extract ........................................................................................... 40 3.2 Preparation of the aqueous extract....................................................................................... 41 Table of Contents 3.3 Maceration of plant material with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)........................................................... 42 4. Quantification of flavonoids.............................................................................................................. 43 5. Antioxidant activity ........................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 DPPH° radical scavenging method ............................................................................................. 43 5.2. Total antioxidant capacity........................................................................................................... 45 6. Anti-inflammatory activity ................................................................................................................ 45 6.1 Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation inhibition test .................................................. 46 6.2 Red blood cell (erythrocyte) membrane stabilization test................................................... 47 7. Antimicrobial activity........................................................................................................................ 48 8. Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................................. 51 chapiter Ⅳ: Resultant and Discussion 1. Extraction Yield............................................................................................................................. 53 2. Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis.............................................................................................. 54 3. Total flavonoid content...................................................................................................................... 55 4. Evaluation of antioxidant activity ..................................................................................................... 56 4.1 Antiradical activity by DPPH ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay....................................................................................... 61 5. Anti-inflammatory activity ................................................................................................................ 64 5.1 Bovine serum albumin denaturation inhibition (BSA) test ......................................................... 64 5.2 Erythrocyte membrane stabilization test ..................................................................................... 66 6. Antibacterial activity ......................................................................................................................... 68 Conclusion and perspective................................................................................................................... 73 Reference bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 76 Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 90 |
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